Nucleated erythrocytes – a new experimental cell model for assessing in vitro toxicity, ecotoxicity and to determine the safety of fresh fish products. A review

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Article Title:	Nucleated erythrocytes – a new experimental cell model for assessing in vitro toxicity, ecotoxicity and to determine the safety of fresh fish products. A review
Authors:	Daniela Bratosin1,2*, Alexandrina Rugina1, Ana-Maria Gheorghe1, Iulian Stana2, Violeta Turcus2, Eugenia Fagadar3, Aurel Ardelean2
Affiliation:	1 National Institute of Biological Science Research & Development (INCDSB), Bucharest, Romania 2 ”Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Arad, Romania 3 Romanian Academy Chemistry Institute from Timisoara, Romania
Abstract:	The human activities have a negative impact to the environment, consisting in the water contamination with toxic products, heavy metals or with xenobiotic substances. Manufactured nanomaterials (nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanosheets and nanowires) have recent applications in drug delivery, medical devices, cosmetics, chemical catalysts, optoelectronics, electronics and magnetics. Some nanomaterials have been found to be toxic to humans and other organisms either upon contact or after persistent environmental exposure. In present, the measurements of the pollution degree are made with two methods: phisyco-chemical methods and ecotoxicological test (bioassay or environmental biosensors). Our results indicate that flow cytometric analysis of nucleated red blood cells viability using calcein-AM and cell death discrimination could provide a rapid and accurate experimental cellular model for effectively screening and evaluating biological responses for in vitro nanotoxicology and can be used in ecotoxicology as bioassays for the ecological monitoring of aquatic environment. In the some time, our results indicate that the use of nucleated erythocytes could be potentially useful for the development of rapid and low cost safety tests to assess fisheries product quality.
Keywords:	nucleated erythrocytes, toxicity, ecotoxicology, pollutants, nanomaterials, apoptosis, flow cytometry
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*Correspondence:	Bratosin D.