Landscape ecological fragmentation

October 3, 2012

Landscape ecological fragmentation

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Title:	Landscape ecological fragmentation
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Article_Title:	Landscape ecological fragmentation
Authors:	Péter Csorba
Affiliation:	(University of Debrecen)
Abstract:	The degree of ecological fragmentation of landscapes is a useful index for landscape protection and planning. Strong fragmentation effect of the road system is originated from that the animals during their migrations sooner or later will face a strip of concrete. Up till now less attention is paid in the special literature to fragmentation effect of the building up, which obviously plays an important role in the ecological fragmentation of landscapes and in the shrinking of habitats. However, comparing the strength of their ecological barrier function it is not sure that a small village can block migration of plant and animal species more effectively than a motorway, defended by fences. Also the two main data for the ecological fragmentation seems to be the greatest diameter of the settlements – the settlements functions as a barrier for the migration – and the density of the roads and railroads. In the case of large settlements the extent of their inner parts, in the case of the roads the traffic intensities was taken into account, while in the case of railroads it was taken into consideration whether railway lines are single or double tracked. Values of the fragmentation index can be given in km/km2 for the 230 microregions of Hungary. Results were purified using a weighting, where the location of the protected natural areas compared to the situation of the given settlement, roads or railroads was taken into consideration. In the calculations it was taken into account as well that the agglomeration processes of the large settlements may restrict the ecological gates and corridors of the migration of plant and animal species.The Great Hungarian Plain shows weak, while the Transdanubian Hills show strong landscape ecological fragmentation. Values over the average occur in the southern Transdanubian macroregion, while all other macroregions are around or under the average, what reflects well the different spatial pattern of the settlement network of the macroregions. The author is convinced that maps presented here can provide a basis for landscape planning based on ecological aspects, despite problems with the weighting of raw values, results reflects well the real habitat fragmentation and migration.
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References:	Bastian, O., Schreiber, K-F., 1994: Analyse und ökologische Bewertung der Landschaft. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, Stuttgart, 502 pp. Blake, J.G., Karr, J.R., 1987: Breeding birds of isolated woodlot: area and habitat relationships. Ecology, 68: 1724-1734. Bleuten, W., 1988: Minimum spatial dimension of forests from point of view of wood production and nature preservation. In 8th Int. Symp. on Problems of Landscape Ecological Research. ÚEBE CBEV SAV, Bratislava, p. 217-226. Collinge, Sh.K., 1996: Ecological consequences of habitat fragmentation: Implications for landscape architecture and planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 36: 59-77. Dosch, F., Beckmann, G., 1999: Trends der landschaftsentwicklung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Informationen zur Raumentwicklung, Heft 5/6, p. 291-310. Duhay, G. (ed.), 2004: Manual of landscape protection (in Hungarian). KöVM, TVH, Budapest, 80 pp. Farina, A., 1998: Principles and methods in landscape ecology. Chapman and Hall, Cambridge University Press, 235 pp. Forman, R.T.T., 1995: Land mosaics. Ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 632 pp. Forman, R.T.T., 1997: Ecological effects of roads: Toward three summary indices and an overview for North America. Habitat fragmentation and infrastructure. In Canters, K. (ed.), Proceedings of the International. Conference on Habitat Fragmentation Infrastructure and the Role of Ecological Engineering. Maastricht, 17-21 Sept. 1995, p. 40-54. Forman, R.T.T., Alexander, L.E., 1998: Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Rev. Ecol. Survey, 29: 207-231. Geertsema, W., Opdam, P., Kropff, M.J., 2002: Plant strategies and agricultural landscapes survival in spatially and temporally fragmented habitat, landscape. Ecology, 17: 263-279. Hagenguth, A., 2000: Habitatzerschneidung und Landnutzungsstruktur. Auswirkungen auf populationsökologische Parameter und das Raum-Zeit-Muster mardeartiger Säugetiere. In Zerschneidung als ökologischer Faktor. Bayerische Akad. für Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege, p. 47-64. Hargis, Ch.D., Bissonette, J.A., David, J.L., 1998: The behaviour of landscape metrics commonly used in the study of habitat fragmentation. Landscape Ecology, 13:167-186. Harris, L.D., 1984: The fragmented forest: Island biogeography theory and the preservation of biotic diversity. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago IL. Hodson, N.L., 1966: A survey of road mortality in mammals (and including data for the grass snake and common frog). J. Zool. (London), p. 576-579. Ingegnoli, V., 2003: Landscape ecology: A Widening foundation. Springer Verlag, New York, Berlin, Heidelberg, 357 pp. Jaeger, J., 2002: Landschaftszerschneidung. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 447 pp. Jongman, R., 1995: Nature conservation planning in Europe: developing ecological networks. Landscape and Urban Planning, 32: 169-183. Jongman, R., Brunce, R., 2000: Landscape classification, scales and biodiversity in Europe. In Mander, Ü., Jongman, R. (eds), Consequences of land use changes. WIT Press, Southampton, Boston, p. 11-38. Klopatek, J.M., Gardner, R.H. (eds), 1999: Landscape ecological analysis, issues and applications. Springer Verlag, New York, Berlin, Heidelberg, 400 pp. Lodé, T., 2000: Effects of a motorway on mortality and isolation of wildlife populations. Ambio, 29: 163-166. Lord, J.M., Norton, D.A., 1990: Scale and the spatial concept of the fragmentation. Conserv. Biol., 4: 197-202. Mader, H.-J., 1979: Die Isolationswirkung von Verkehrsstraßen auf Tierpopulationen Untersucht am Beispiel von Arthropoden und Kleinsäugern der Waldbiozönose. Schriftenreihe für Landschaftspflege und Naturschutz, Heft 19, 131 pp. Mader, H.-J., 1984: Animal habitat isolation by roads and agricultural fields. Biol. Conserv., 29: 81-96. Marosi, S., Somogyi, S. (eds), 1990: Cadastral of microregions of Hungary (in Hungarian). MTA Földrajztudományi Kutatóintézet, Budapest, 1023 pp. McGarigal, K., Marks, B.J., 1995: FRAGSTATS: Spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. General Technical Report PNWGTR- 351, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service Pacific NW Research Station, Portland, OR. Mühlenberg, M., Slowik, J., 1997: Kulturlandschaft als Lebensraum. UTB 1947, Quelle und Meyer, Wiesbaden, 321 pp. Nieuwenhuizen, W., Van Apeldoorn, R.C., 1995: Mammal use of fauna passages on national road A1 at Oldenzaal. Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, ibn-dlo, Project Versnippering, Deel 20A, 46 pp. Oelsen, J.M., Jain, S.K., 1994: Fragmented plant populations and their lost interactions. Conserv. Genetics, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, p. 417-424. Opdam, P., 1991: Metapopulation theory and habitat fragmentation: a review of holarctic breeding bird studies. Landscape Ecology, 5, 2: 93-106. Opdam, P., Van Apeldoorn, R., Schotman, A., 1993: Population responses to landscape fragmentation. In Vos, C.C., Opdam, P. (eds), Landscape ecology of a stressed environment. Chapman and Hall, London, p. 141-171. Perspectives for Deutschland. Our Strategy for Sustainable Development. 2002, www.nachhaltigskeitsrat.de Reichholf, J., 1999: Ecology of the settlements (in Hungarian). Magyar Könyvklub, Budapest, 223 pp. Reijnen, M.J.S.M., Veenbaas, G., Foppen, R.P.B., 1995: Predicting the effects of motorway traffic on breeding bird populations. Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division, DLO-Inst. for Forestry and Nature Research, 91 pp. Ružičková, J., 2003: Sequence of wood fragmentation and isolation in the Trnava upland since the 18th century. Ekológia (Bratislava), 22, Suppl. 2: 92-107. Schreiber, K-F. (Hrsg.), 1988: Connectivity in landscape ecology. Proceedings of the 2nd International Seminar of the IALE in Münster. Münsterische Geographische Arbeiten, 29, Schöningh, Paderborn, 255 pp. The European environment. State and outlook 2005. European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen, 574 pp. Van der Sluis, T., Bloemmen, M., Bouwma, I.M. (eds), 2004: European corridors: Strategies for corridor development for target species. ECNC/ Alterra, Wageningen, 32 pp. Van der Zande, A.N., Ter Kreurs, J., Van der Weijden, W.J., 1980: The impact of roads on the densities of four bird species in an open field habitat – evidence of a long distance effect. Biol. Conserv., 18: 299-321. Vos, C.C., 1997: Effects of road density: a case study of the moor frog. In Canters, K. (ed.), Proceedings of the Int. Conference on Habitat Fragmentation Infrastructure and the Role of Ecological Engineering. Maastricht, 17-21 Sept. 1995, p. 93– 97. Wagner, J.M., 1999: Schutz der Kulturlandschaft. Saarbrücker Geogr. Arbeiten, Band 47, 309 pp.
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Article Title:	Landscape ecological fragmentation
Authors:	Péter Csorba
Affiliation:	(University of Debrecen)
Abstract:	The degree of ecological fragmentation of landscapes is a useful index for landscape protection and planning. Strong fragmentation effect of the road system is originated from that the animals during their migrations sooner or later will face a strip of concrete. Up till now less attention is paid in the special literature to fragmentation effect of the building up, which obviously plays an important role in the ecological fragmentation of landscapes and in the shrinking of habitats. However, comparing the strength of their ecological barrier function it is not sure that a small village can block migration of plant and animal species more effectively than a motorway, defended by fences. Also the two main data for the ecological fragmentation seems to be the greatest diameter of the settlements – the settlements functions as a barrier for the migration – and the density of the roads and railroads. In the case of large settlements the extent of their inner parts, in the case of the roads the traffic intensities was taken into account, while in the case of railroads it was taken into consideration whether railway lines are single or double tracked. Values of the fragmentation index can be given in km/km2 for the 230 microregions of Hungary. Results were purified using a weighting, where the location of the protected natural areas compared to the situation of the given settlement, roads or railroads was taken into consideration. In the calculations it was taken into account as well that the agglomeration processes of the large settlements may restrict the ecological gates and corridors of the migration of plant and animal species.The Great Hungarian Plain shows weak, while the Transdanubian Hills show strong landscape ecological fragmentation. Values over the average occur in the southern Transdanubian macroregion, while all other macroregions are around or under the average, what reflects well the different spatial pattern of the settlement network of the macroregions. The author is convinced that maps presented here can provide a basis for landscape planning based on ecological aspects, despite problems with the weighting of raw values, results reflects well the real habitat fragmentation and migration.
Keywords:
References:	Bastian, O., Schreiber, K-F., 1994: Analyse und ökologische Bewertung der Landschaft. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, Stuttgart, 502 pp. Blake, J.G., Karr, J.R., 1987: Breeding birds of isolated woodlot: area and habitat relationships. Ecology, 68: 1724-1734. Bleuten, W., 1988: Minimum spatial dimension of forests from point of view of wood production and nature preservation. In 8th Int. Symp. on Problems of Landscape Ecological Research. ÚEBE CBEV SAV, Bratislava, p. 217-226. Collinge, Sh.K., 1996: Ecological consequences of habitat fragmentation: Implications for landscape architecture and planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 36: 59-77. Dosch, F., Beckmann, G., 1999: Trends der landschaftsentwicklung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Informationen zur Raumentwicklung, Heft 5/6, p. 291-310. Duhay, G. (ed.), 2004: Manual of landscape protection (in Hungarian). KöVM, TVH, Budapest, 80 pp. Farina, A., 1998: Principles and methods in landscape ecology. Chapman and Hall, Cambridge University Press, 235 pp. Forman, R.T.T., 1995: Land mosaics. Ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 632 pp. Forman, R.T.T., 1997: Ecological effects of roads: Toward three summary indices and an overview for North America. Habitat fragmentation and infrastructure. In Canters, K. (ed.), Proceedings of the International. Conference on Habitat Fragmentation Infrastructure and the Role of Ecological Engineering. Maastricht, 17-21 Sept. 1995, p. 40-54. Forman, R.T.T., Alexander, L.E., 1998: Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Rev. Ecol. Survey, 29: 207-231. Geertsema, W., Opdam, P., Kropff, M.J., 2002: Plant strategies and agricultural landscapes survival in spatially and temporally fragmented habitat, landscape. Ecology, 17: 263-279. Hagenguth, A., 2000: Habitatzerschneidung und Landnutzungsstruktur. Auswirkungen auf populationsökologische Parameter und das Raum-Zeit-Muster mardeartiger Säugetiere. In Zerschneidung als ökologischer Faktor. Bayerische Akad. für Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege, p. 47-64. Hargis, Ch.D., Bissonette, J.A., David, J.L., 1998: The behaviour of landscape metrics commonly used in the study of habitat fragmentation. Landscape Ecology, 13:167-186. Harris, L.D., 1984: The fragmented forest: Island biogeography theory and the preservation of biotic diversity. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago IL. Hodson, N.L., 1966: A survey of road mortality in mammals (and including data for the grass snake and common frog). J. Zool. (London), p. 576-579. Ingegnoli, V., 2003: Landscape ecology: A Widening foundation. Springer Verlag, New York, Berlin, Heidelberg, 357 pp. Jaeger, J., 2002: Landschaftszerschneidung. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 447 pp. Jongman, R., 1995: Nature conservation planning in Europe: developing ecological networks. Landscape and Urban Planning, 32: 169-183. Jongman, R., Brunce, R., 2000: Landscape classification, scales and biodiversity in Europe. In Mander, Ü., Jongman, R. (eds), Consequences of land use changes. WIT Press, Southampton, Boston, p. 11-38. Klopatek, J.M., Gardner, R.H. (eds), 1999: Landscape ecological analysis, issues and applications. Springer Verlag, New York, Berlin, Heidelberg, 400 pp. Lodé, T., 2000: Effects of a motorway on mortality and isolation of wildlife populations. Ambio, 29: 163-166. Lord, J.M., Norton, D.A., 1990: Scale and the spatial concept of the fragmentation. Conserv. Biol., 4: 197-202. Mader, H.-J., 1979: Die Isolationswirkung von Verkehrsstraßen auf Tierpopulationen Untersucht am Beispiel von Arthropoden und Kleinsäugern der Waldbiozönose. Schriftenreihe für Landschaftspflege und Naturschutz, Heft 19, 131 pp. Mader, H.-J., 1984: Animal habitat isolation by roads and agricultural fields. Biol. Conserv., 29: 81-96. Marosi, S., Somogyi, S. (eds), 1990: Cadastral of microregions of Hungary (in Hungarian). MTA Földrajztudományi Kutatóintézet, Budapest, 1023 pp. McGarigal, K., Marks, B.J., 1995: FRAGSTATS: Spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. General Technical Report PNWGTR- 351, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service Pacific NW Research Station, Portland, OR. Mühlenberg, M., Slowik, J., 1997: Kulturlandschaft als Lebensraum. UTB 1947, Quelle und Meyer, Wiesbaden, 321 pp. Nieuwenhuizen, W., Van Apeldoorn, R.C., 1995: Mammal use of fauna passages on national road A1 at Oldenzaal. Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, ibn-dlo, Project Versnippering, Deel 20A, 46 pp. Oelsen, J.M., Jain, S.K., 1994: Fragmented plant populations and their lost interactions. Conserv. Genetics, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, p. 417-424. Opdam, P., 1991: Metapopulation theory and habitat fragmentation: a review of holarctic breeding bird studies. Landscape Ecology, 5, 2: 93-106. Opdam, P., Van Apeldoorn, R., Schotman, A., 1993: Population responses to landscape fragmentation. In Vos, C.C., Opdam, P. (eds), Landscape ecology of a stressed environment. Chapman and Hall, London, p. 141-171. Perspectives for Deutschland. Our Strategy for Sustainable Development. 2002, www.nachhaltigskeitsrat.de Reichholf, J., 1999: Ecology of the settlements (in Hungarian). Magyar Könyvklub, Budapest, 223 pp. Reijnen, M.J.S.M., Veenbaas, G., Foppen, R.P.B., 1995: Predicting the effects of motorway traffic on breeding bird populations. Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division, DLO-Inst. for Forestry and Nature Research, 91 pp. Ružičková, J., 2003: Sequence of wood fragmentation and isolation in the Trnava upland since the 18th century. Ekológia (Bratislava), 22, Suppl. 2: 92-107. Schreiber, K-F. (Hrsg.), 1988: Connectivity in landscape ecology. Proceedings of the 2nd International Seminar of the IALE in Münster. Münsterische Geographische Arbeiten, 29, Schöningh, Paderborn, 255 pp. The European environment. State and outlook 2005. European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen, 574 pp. Van der Sluis, T., Bloemmen, M., Bouwma, I.M. (eds), 2004: European corridors: Strategies for corridor development for target species. ECNC/ Alterra, Wageningen, 32 pp. Van der Zande, A.N., Ter Kreurs, J., Van der Weijden, W.J., 1980: The impact of roads on the densities of four bird species in an open field habitat – evidence of a long distance effect. Biol. Conserv., 18: 299-321. Vos, C.C., 1997: Effects of road density: a case study of the moor frog. In Canters, K. (ed.), Proceedings of the Int. Conference on Habitat Fragmentation Infrastructure and the Role of Ecological Engineering. Maastricht, 17-21 Sept. 1995, p. 93– 97. Wagner, J.M., 1999: Schutz der Kulturlandschaft. Saarbrücker Geogr. Arbeiten, Band 47, 309 pp.
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